Homework Video: The Birth of the Symphony (16:00 minutes)
In-class Video: Memes of the Mannheim School (1740 - 1780) (11:40)
Readings:
Differences between Baroque and Classical
Baroque / Classical Transition c. 1730 - 1760
The Classical Era in Music (called Neoclassical in the other arts):
1700 - 1750: The Late Baroque Era of Bach, Handel & Vivaldi
1730 - 1770: Galant Music begins and increases in popularity
1730 - 1790: The Enlightenment is growing.
1732: Joseph Haydn is born (so is George Washington).
1750: J.S. Bach dies (marking the end of the Baroque era)
1756: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is born.
1760: The High Classical style starts to eclipse Galant Music
1760: Haydn's first important symphonies.
1770 - 1800: The Height of the Classical Style
1770: Ludwig van Beethoven is born.
1772: Mozart, now 16, reaches maturity as a composer with original ideas.
1776: The American Declaration of Independence - Haydn and George Washington are 44
1789: The French Revolution begins - Haydn is 58, Mozart is 33.
1791: Mozart dies at 35 years, 11 months.
1792: Beethoven moves to Vienna in December.
1800 - 1820: The Classical Style declines in popularity as Beethoven &
others move toward Romanticism.
1809: Joseph Haydn dies at age 76.
The new Classical era begins in the 1730s and by 1750 has eclipsed the Baroque style in
popularity. Complex Baroque counterpoint is replaced by single melody lines (homophony),
although Joseph Haydn (1732 - 1809) and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 - 1791) will bring
back some counterpoint later in the era. The new style galant emphasized charm and light
elegance in place of the Baroque's seriousness and impressive grandeur.
Emotions in music are more are restrained than in the Baroque era, and a focus on form,
balance, and symmetry create the desired "simple, dignified eloquence" of the era.
The advent of the symphony starts in the 1740s. In the 1760s, Haydn begins elevating
movement to piano sonatas (1796). 1809: Joseph Haydn dies at age 76.
The new Classical era begins in the 1730s and by 1750 has eclipsed the Baroque style in
popularity. Complex Baroque counterpoint is replaced by single melody lines (homophony),
although Joseph Haydn (1732 - 1809) and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 - 1791) will bring
back some counterpoint later in the era. The new style galant emphasized charm and light
elegance in place of the Baroque's seriousness and impressive grandeur.
Emotions in music are more are restrained than in the Baroque era, and a focus on form,
balance, and symmetry create the desired "simple, dignified eloquence" of the era.
The advent of the symphony starts in the 1740s. In the 1760s, Haydn begins elevating
the sophistication of the genre becoming known as "the father of the symphony." Haydn does
much the same for the string quartet. By 1772, Mozart, age 16, reaches maturity as a composer
and from then on will join Haydn as a major force in Classical era music.
The creation of the symphony and string quartet. along with the replacement of the
harpsichord with the piano, are major events in the Classical era.
Early Classical era musical Styles:
Galant music - Mirrored the charm, lightness, and optimism of Rococo art. Song-like
melodies and clear separation between orchestra and soloists are features. Galant music
and Rococo art was criticized by writers like Voltaire for their superficiality, and by the
1780s had given way to the more serious neo-classicism styles of Haydn and Mozart and
art of Jacques-Louis David.
Galant composers:
Johaenn Mattheson, Jean-Marie Leclair, Johann Joachim Quantz
Johann Adolph Hasse, Carl Heinrich Graun, Baldassare Galuppi
Giovanni Battista Sammartini - composer of Italian Sinfonias
Mannheim School - Mannheim, Germany had the best orchestra in Europe c. 1740 - 1780.
Transitional Composers from Baroque to Classical:
Domenico Scarlatti (1685 - 1757) Baroque composer who used less counterpoint than his peers
George Philipp Telemann (1681 - 1767) Baroque comp. who used less counterpoint than his peers
Giovanni Battista Sammartini (1700 - 1775) Early Italian Symphonies
Franz Richter (1709 - 1789) Mannheim School
Giovanni Pergolesi (1710 - 1736) Vocal Composer
Christoff Willibald Gluck (1714 - 17876) Opera reformer
Carl Philip Emanuel (C.P.E.) Bach (1714 - 1788) The "Berlin Bach" later "The Hamburg Bach"
Johann Stamitz (1717 - 1757) Mannheim School
George Christoff Wagenseil (1715 - 1777) Vienna School
Johann Christian (J.C.) Bach (1735 - 1782) The "London Bach"
Most Important Classical Era Instrumental Genres:
Symphonies (click to read about symphonies)
Concertos - a three movement work usually featuring one, but sometimes more (e.g.
much the same for the string quartet. By 1772, Mozart, age 16, reaches maturity as a composer
and from then on will join Haydn as a major force in Classical era music.
The creation of the symphony and string quartet. along with the replacement of the
harpsichord with the piano, are major events in the Classical era.
Early Classical era musical Styles:
Galant music - Mirrored the charm, lightness, and optimism of Rococo art. Song-like
melodies and clear separation between orchestra and soloists are features. Galant music
and Rococo art was criticized by writers like Voltaire for their superficiality, and by the
1780s had given way to the more serious neo-classicism styles of Haydn and Mozart and
art of Jacques-Louis David.
Rococo Art - Luncheon with Ham (1735)
David - The Death of Socrates (1787)
Galant composers:
Johaenn Mattheson, Jean-Marie Leclair, Johann Joachim Quantz
Johann Adolph Hasse, Carl Heinrich Graun, Baldassare Galuppi
Giovanni Battista Sammartini - composer of Italian Sinfonias
Mannheim School - Mannheim, Germany had the best orchestra in Europe c. 1740 - 1780.
Transitional Composers from Baroque to Classical:
Domenico Scarlatti (1685 - 1757) Baroque composer who used less counterpoint than his peers
George Philipp Telemann (1681 - 1767) Baroque comp. who used less counterpoint than his peers
Giovanni Battista Sammartini (1700 - 1775) Early Italian Symphonies
Franz Richter (1709 - 1789) Mannheim School
Giovanni Pergolesi (1710 - 1736) Vocal Composer
Christoff Willibald Gluck (1714 - 17876) Opera reformer
Carl Philip Emanuel (C.P.E.) Bach (1714 - 1788) The "Berlin Bach" later "The Hamburg Bach"
Johann Stamitz (1717 - 1757) Mannheim School
George Christoff Wagenseil (1715 - 1777) Vienna School
Johann Christian (J.C.) Bach (1735 - 1782) The "London Bach"
Most Important Classical Era Instrumental Genres:
Symphonies (click to read about symphonies)
Concertos - a three movement work usually featuring one, but sometimes more (e.g.
Beethoven's "Triple Concerto" for piano, violin & cello), instrumental virtuosos.
String quartets and string quintets have four movements.
Sonatas - a three movement work for solo piano or piano and one other instrument
(violin sonata, cello sonata, etc.). Beethoven set a standard by adding a fourth
String quartets and string quintets have four movements.
Sonatas - a three movement work for solo piano or piano and one other instrument
(violin sonata, cello sonata, etc.). Beethoven set a standard by adding a fourth
Piano Trios (piano, violin & cello) have three movements until Beethoven adds a fourth
movement (1795). Most later composers will follow Beethoven's example.
Piano Quartets and piano quintets. Mozart writes the first important piano quartets (1785, 1786).
They have three movements. They will have either three or four movements from that
point on. Mozart writes the first important piano quintet for piano, clarinet, oboe,
bassoon, and horn. It has three movements (Beethoven will emulate Mozart's).
In the Romantic era, piano quintets for piano and four strings (and with four or more
movements) will become the standard (e.g. Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, Dvorak).
Piano Quartets and piano quintets. Mozart writes the first important piano quartets (1785, 1786).
They have three movements. They will have either three or four movements from that
point on. Mozart writes the first important piano quintet for piano, clarinet, oboe,
bassoon, and horn. It has three movements (Beethoven will emulate Mozart's).
In the Romantic era, piano quintets for piano and four strings (and with four or more
movements) will become the standard (e.g. Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, Dvorak).
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